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PLC与DCS的远景
我们已经知道有的FCS是由PLC发展而来,而有的FCS是由DCS发展而来,那么,今天FCS已走向实用化,PLC与DCS远景又将如何。
PLC于60年代末期在美国首先出现,目的是用来取代继电器,执行逻辑、计时、计数等顺序控制功能,建立柔性程序控制系统。1976年正式命名,并给予定义:PLC是一种数字控制专用电子计算机,它使用了可编程序存储器储存指令,执行诸如逻辑、顺序、计时、计数与演算等功能,并通过模拟和数字输进、输出等组件,控制各种机械或工作程序。经过30多年的发展,PLC已十分成熟与完善,并开发了模拟量闭环控制功能。PLC在FCS系统中的地位似乎已被确定并无多少争论。参见图3:IEC推荐的现场总线控制系统体系结构。PLC作为一个站挂在高速总线上。充分发挥PLC在处理开关量方面的上风。另外,火力发电厂辅助车间,例如补给水处理车间、循环水车间、除灰除渣车间、输煤车间等,在这些车间的工艺过程多以顺序控制为主。PLC对于顺序控制有其独特的上风。编者以为,辅助车间的控制系统应以遵循现场总线通讯协议的PLC或能与FCS进行通讯交换信息的PLC为优选对象。
图3:IEC推荐的现场总线控制系统体系结构
自1973年提出第一台以微处理器为基础的控制器以来,它逐步完善,并终极形成功能齐全、安全可靠的数字式分散控制系统DCS。它的性能大大优于以住任何一种控制系统。可以满足火电厂DAS、MCS、SCS和APS各系统的各种要求,目前还可以通过产业以太网建立治理层网络,以满足火电厂呼声越来越高的加强治理的要求。可以这样说,DCS系统的监控可以复盖大型火电机组的工艺全过程。
但是,自从有了FCS,并于90年代走向实用化以来,不断有如下论点在公然刊物上发表,即:“从现在起,新的现场总线控制系统FCS将逐步取代传统的DCS”;“当调节功能下放到现场往以后,传统的DCS就没有存在的必要而会自动消失”;“今后十年,传统的4~20mA模拟信号制将逐步被双向数字通讯现场总线信号制所取代,模拟与数字的分散型控制系统DCS将更新换代为全数字现场总线控制系统FCS”……。这些论点回纳为一句话:FCS将取代DCS,DCS从此将消亡。
上述论点皆出自于权威专家之口,确实不无道理。数字通讯是一种趋势,它代表了技术进步,是任何人阻挡不了的。双向数字通讯现场总线信号制以及由它而产生的巨大的推动力,加速现场装置与控制仪表的变革,开发出越来越多的功能完善的数字智能现场装置。这些都是DCS系统所不具备的,而由此产生的优越性以及给火电厂的设计、配置、组态、运行、维护、治理等方面带来的效益也是DCS系统所不及的。再则,FCS是由DCS以及PLC发展而来,它保存了DCS的特点,或者说FCS吸收了DCS多年开发研究以及现场实践的经验,当然也包括教训。由此而得出结论,“FCS将取代DCS”,似乎也是顺理成章之事。
同时我们也应看到,DCS系统发展也近30年,在火电厂的应用如此广泛。它的设计思想、组态配置、功能匹配等已达十分完善的程度(当然,DCS也存在进一步发展的需求,例如高级软件开发,以满足信息集成的要求),已渗透到火电厂控制系统的各个领域,并且在FCS系统中也有些体现。从这个角度来看,DCS系统似乎不能说从此消亡。再则,从前面的章节叙述中已经谈到,对那些FCS系统不能充分发挥其特点及优越性的领域,DCS系统仍有用武之地。
我们似乎没有必要在文字上做过多的争论,一定要夸大谁取代谁。正如目前的DCS与新型的PLC,由于多年的开发研究,在各自保存自身原有的特点外,又相互补充,形成新的系统,现在的DCS已不是当初的DCS,同样如此,新型的PLC也不是开发初期的PLC。我们能够说是DCS取代了PLC或者说是PLC取代了DCS,显然都是分歧适的。
5.结论
从上述分析论述中,我们可以得出以下简单的结论:现场总线控制系统FCS的出现,数字式分散控制DCS并不会消亡,而只是将过往处于控制系统中心地位的DCS移到现场总线的一个站点上往。也可以这样说,DCS处于控制系统中心地位的局面从此将被打破。今后火电厂的控制系统将会是:FCS处于控制系统中心地位,兼有DCS系统哲学的一种新型控制系统。
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