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) FCS系统的本质是信息处理现场化
对于一个控制系统,无论是采用DCS还是采用现场总线,系统需要处理的信息量至少是一样多的。实际上,采用现场总线后,可以从现场得到更多的信息。现场总线系统的信息量没有减少,甚至增加了,而传输信息的线缆却大大减少了。这就要求一方面要大大进步线缆传输信息的能力,另一方面要让大量信息在现场就地完成处理,减少现场与控制机房之间的信息往返。可以说现场总线的本质就是信息处理的现场化。
减少信息往返是网络设计和系统组态的一条重要原则。减少信息往返经常可带来改善系统响应时间的好处。因此,网络设计时应优先将相互间信息交换量大的节点,放在同一条支路里。
减少信息往返与减少系统的线缆有时会相互矛盾。这时仍应以节省投资为原则来做选择。假如所选择系统的响应时间答应的话,应选节省线缆的方案。如所选系统的响应时间比较紧张,稍微减少一点信息的传输就够用了,那就应选减少信息传输的方案。
现在一些带现场总线的现场仪表本身装了很多功能块,固然不同产品同种功能块在性能上会稍有差别,但一个网络支路上有很多功能雷同功能块的情况是客观存在的。选用哪一个现场仪表上的功能块,是系统组态要解决的题目。
考虑这个题目的原则是:尽量减少总线上的信息往返。一般可以选择与该功能有关的信息输出最多的那台仪表上的功能块。
3.2 典型系统比较
通过使用现场总线,用户可以大量减少现场接线,用单个现场仪表可实现多变量通讯,不同制造厂生产的装置间可以完全互操纵,增加现场一级的控制功能,系统集成大大简化,并且维护十分简便。典型的现场总线系统框图示于图1。从图1中可以看出,传统的过程控制仪表系统每个现场装置到控制室都需使用一对专用的双绞线,以传送4~20mA信号,图2所示现场总线系统中,每个现场装置到接线盒的双绞线仍然可以使用,但是从现场接线盒到中心控制室仅用一根双绞线完成数字通讯。
图1:传统的过程控制系统
通过采用现场总线控制系统,到底能节省多少电缆,编者尚未做此计算。但是,我们不可以采用DCS系统的电厂中与自动控制系统有关的所用电缆公里数看出,电缆在基建投资中所占份额。
某电厂,2×300MW燃煤机组。热力系统为单元制。每台机组设置一座集中控制楼,采用机、炉、电单元集中控制方式。单元控制室的标高为12.6米,与运行层标高一致。DCS采用WDPF—Ⅱ,每台机组设计的I/O点为4500点。
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